]> Huawei Technologies

italo.busi@huawei.com

Vodafone

jeff.bouquier@vodafone.com

TIM

fabio.peruzzini@telecomitalia.it

Huawei Technologies

paolo.volpato@huawei.com

Cisco

prmanna@cisco.com

TEAS WG This document extends the analysis of the applicability of Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) architecture to Packet Optical Integration (POI) to cover multi-layer service assurance scenarios. Specifically, the ACTN architecture enables the detection and handling of different failures that may happen either at the optical or the packet layer. It is assumed that the underlying transport optical network carries end-to-end IP services such as L2VPN or L3VPN connectivity services, with specific Service Level Agreement (SLA) requirements. Existing IETF protocols and data models are identified for each multi-layer (packet over optical) service assurance scenario with a specific focus on the MPI (Multi-Domain Service Coordinator to Provisioning Network Controllers Interface) in the ACTN architecture.

Introduction Service assurance is a critical aspect of Operations, Administration and Management (OAM). It consists of activities and processes whose target is to guarantee a specified Service Level Agreement (SLA) to the customer of a telecommunication service. Service assurance includes both fault management, for correcting or fixing the service anomalies and network faults, and performance management, for monitoring of the service and network parameters and early warning of potential service-related issues. In the scope of this document, service assurance is discussed in the context of a multi-layer, multi-domain network. In doing so, it leverages on the Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) framework and further expands the analysis of its applicability into multi-layer packet-optical integrated networks adding considerations specific to the fault and performance management scenarios. As already highlighted in , a multi-layer network is composed of an IP layer and an optical transport layer. A multi-domain network is composed of at least two different administrative domains (e.g. core and edge) under the control of the same organization (e.g. the same network operator). Service assurance applies to end-to-end L2VPN or L3VPN connectivity services configured over underlying transport optical paths that requires multi-layer coordination. To guarantee the SLAs associated to the VPN services, service assurance is performed through the collaboration of the different control entities part of the ACTN architecture : the Multi-Domain Service Coordinator (MDSC), acting as the top-level controller, and the Provisioning Network Controllers (PNC) deployed both in the packet (P-PNC) and optical (O-PNC) layers. This document aligns with the current field operations procedures adopted in the optical networks and assumes that the O-PNC provides the MDSC with the set of information necessary to provide the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) to correlate an event/alarm related to a failure in the optical network with the services impacted at the IP layer. The set of information shared by the O-PNC to the MDSC depends on local configuration adopted at the MDSC-PNC Interface (MPI) . In general, this may include information about the optical path, tunnel, or fiber where the failure happened together with its location and its operational state (e.g., its "down" status), hiding further detailed information of the optical topology. This data is sufficent to allow the MDSC to perform the multi-layer correlation and discover which IP links, LSPs and VPNs are affected by the failure. The analysis of the YANG data models applicable to service assurance (fault and performance) is in scope of this document. The development of new YANG models/modules to support the missing functions is instead not in scope of the present document. To this extent, this document means to act as a framework that provides a gap analysis and suggests openings to future works to be addressed in other documents. The document has the following organization: section 2 lists the conventions and definitions used in the text. Section 3 discusses the reference network in scope for the relevant service assurance cases. Section 4 identifies the YANG data models applicable to service assurance and provides a gap analysis for the modules that are still missing. Section 5 identifies the possible faults, either in the optical or in IP layer (or both), in scope for this analysis. Section 6 deals with the performance management aspects of service assurance in a packet-optical integrated network. Finally, section 7 discusses the protection mechanisms available for the most typical fault scenarios of a multi-layer, multi-domain network. For each multi-technology scenario, the document analyzes how to use the interfaces and the data models of the ACTN architecture. A summary of the gaps identified in this analysis is provided in section 8. Understanding the level of standardization and the possible gaps will help assess the feasibility of integration between packet and optical DWDM domains (and optionally OTN layer) in an end-to-end multi-vendor service assurance perspective.

Conventions and Definitions

Terminology TODO Terminology

Reference Network Architecture This document analyses several scenarios for service assurance in Packet and Optical Integration (POI) in which ACTN hierarchy is deployed to control a multi-layer and multi-domain network with two optical domains and two packet domains, as shown in Figure 1 of , which is copied in below.

Reference Network (copy of Figure 1 of RFC YYYY)

EDITORS NOTE: Replace RFC YYYY with the RFC number of once it has been published. In general, service assurance involves fault detection and localization; performance monitoring as well as re-routing (protection). Two cases will be considered:

1. using grey interfaces on routers' ports, as outlined in
2. using colored optical interfaces on routers' ports, as outlined in

NOTE: It is not fully clear how much commonalities there are in service assurance for these two cases. This draft will start addressing both cases. At a later stage it will be assessed whether it is worthwhile keeping everything in a single draft or to split into two drafts. The MDSC is responsible for coordinating the whole multi-domain, multi-layer (packet and optical) network. MDSC interacts with different Provisioning Network Controllers (O/P-PNCs) through the MPI interface. The MPI interface presents an abstracted topology to MDSC, hiding the technology-specific aspects of the network and the topology details (depending on the policy chosen regarding the level of abstraction supported). Following the assumptions of section 2.1.2 of , this document analyses scenarios where the MDSC uses the partial summarization approach to coordinate multi-domain/multi-layer path computation. In this approach, the MDSC has complete visibility of the TE topology of the packet network domains and an abstracted view of the TE topology of the optical network domains. That means the MDSC has the capability of performing multi-domain/single-layer path computation for the packet layer. The MDSC needs to delegate the O-PNCs to perform local path computation within their respective domains. It uses the information received by the O-PNCs and its TE topology view of the multi-domain packet layer to perform multi-layer/multi-domain path computation. P-PNCs are responsible for setting up the TE paths between any two PEs or BRs in their respective controlled domains, as requested by MDSC, and providing topology information to the MDSC. O-PNCs are responsible to provide to the MDSC an abstract TE topology view of their underlying optical network resources. They perform single-domain local path computation, when requested by the MDSC. They also perform optical tunnel setup, when requested by the MDSC. No GMPLS-UNI interaction between IP and Optical equipment is considered. This is also the assumption followed in this document: the MDSC performs the function of multi-layer/multi-domain path computation through the same mechanisms described in .

• TO DO: Complete the description of the pre-requisites of MDSC in the cases discussed.

The following list summarizes the main assumptions about how MDSC can handle the service assurance cases described in this document. Most of them have been already described in

1. MDSC has acquired all the topology and status information of both the IP and optical layers.
2. MDSC is fully aware of any multi-layer connections between the IP and the optical layers. It is also aware of the multi-domain interconnection links between different IP domains.
3. MDSC is aware of any topology or resource utilization change obtained in real time through coordination with the O/P-PNCs. This applies in the case of a fault or a maintenance activity involving either the IP or the DWDM layer.
4. MDSC coordinates the IP and DWDM protections and, as a result, the re-routing of traffic at both the IP and DWDM layer.
5. Before planned maintenance operation at the DWDM layer, MDSC instructs the P-PNC to move the affected IP traffic to an other link in an hitless way. This is done before the event takes place. MDSC also coordinates with P-PNC to revert back the traffic on the original path when the maintenance event is concluded.
6. When the O-PNC detects a degradation of optical performance (e.g. BER PRE-FEC values threshold crossing over a certain period of time), it alerts the MDSC so that the MDSC relates the warning to an IP link.
7. MDSC distinguishes between IP and Optical failures. For example, in the case of the failure of an IP port of a router, the IP traffic may be switched to a stand-by port, reusing the same ROADM optical resources (lambda, optical path) and keeping the end-to-end IP connection. If a remote IP node fails, then a re-route of optical resources takes place together with a switch of the local IP port in order to establish a new connection with a different IP node used for protection.

Reference Network The following network topology will be considered to analyze and discuss the scenarios in in .

Reference Network │ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ │ P1│--│P1 P3│\ ___ /│P3 P1│--│P1 │ │ R1 │ │ ROADM1 │ \ ____/ \____ / │ ROADM2 │ │ R2 │ │ P2│--│P2 P4│\ \/ \/ /│P4 P2│--│P2 │ └――――――――┘ └――――――――┘ \| Optical |/ └――――――――┘ └――――――――┘ | Network | ││ x | | x x | | x x ┌―――――――――┐ x x │P3 P4│ x x │ ROADM3 │ x x │P1 P2│ x x └―――――――――┘ x x | | x x ┌―――――――――┐ x x │P1 P2│ x x │ R3 │ x ˅ │ │ ˅ ― └―――――――――┘ ― ]]>

The network consists of three Points of Presence (POPs) geographically distributed. It is assumed that every POP hosts a Router (R1, R2, and R3 respectively) connected to a ROADM (ROADM1, ROADM2, and ROADM3). All the routers connect to their co-located ROADMs with two Ethernet links (e.g. 100GE) for redundancy. In their normal operations, the routers may employ any local policy for traffic steering. For the scope of this document, it is assumed that the path that R1 uses to steer the IP traffic to R2 goes from port P1 of R1 to port P1 of R2 (thus going through port P1 of R1, ports P1 and P3 of ROADM1, ports P3 and P1 of ROADM2, port P1 of R2). R1 uses port P2 to steer the traffic to R3 instead. The IP link between R1 and R3 carries the IP services that are directed to R3 and is used by R1 as a detour path (backup path) to reach R2 if a failure occurs in the primary path across ROADM1 and ROADM2. The detour path also includes a second leg from R3 to R2. The detour path from R1 to R2, then includes: port P2 of R1, ports P2 and P4 or ROADM1, ports P3 and P1 of ROADM3, ports P1 and P2 of R3, ports P2 and P4 of ROADM3, ports P4 and P2 of ROADM2, and port P2 of R2. The connection between all ROADMs is based on two fibers. The optical paths all cross an optical network. For the scope of this document, it is assumed that some coordination mechanisms are employed at the optical layer so that when a failure happens on an optical path (for example, between ROADM1 and ROADM2), an optical backup path is activated. The mechanisms are assumed to be coordinated by O-PNC and MDSC, even if other methods may be also considered (e.g. G-MPLS based). Further details are given in the use cases described in .

YANG Data Models for the MPIs The analysis of the data models potentially of interest for this document is still on-going. The set of YANG models identified so far includes the following items:

• ietf-alarms defined in
• ietf-performance-monitoring defined in
• A YANG Data Model for Service Assurance
• A YANG Data Model for Network and VPN Service Performance Monitoring

The list will be progressively updated as the document evolves.

Multi-layer Fault Management This section deals with the actions taken by the MDSC and the PNCs at the IP and optical layers to handle the occurence of a failure in a multi-layer network. This set of actions is referred to as fault management and consists of steps such as fault detection, fault localization, and fault recovery. Specifically, this section analyzes the detection and localization of a failure, while section further details the mechanisms for fault recovery. Depending on the point where a failure occurs, three use cases are considered: 1. The failure occurs in the optical layer, for example a fiber cut that triggers a Loss of Signal (LOS) alarm. This is discussed in section . 2. The failure occurs at the connection between a router and a ROADM (cross-layer link). Such a case is analyzed in section . 3. The failure occurs in the IP layer, for example a router experiences a hardware failure on a port that connects to its optical counterpart. This case is discussed in section .

Reference scenario for multi-layer faults The following figure illustrates the reference scenario useful to discuss the fault management cases.

Reference scenario for multi-layer fault management │ROADM1│ Optical │ROADM2│----->│ R2 │ │ │<-----│ │ Network │ │<-----│ │ └――――――┘ └――――――┘\___________________/└――――――┘ └――――――┘ ]]>

The MDSC is responsible for the correlation of the events. The notification about a failure (alarm, state change, etc.) is sent from the P-PNC (upstream arrow labelled "1" in the figure) and/or the O-PNC (upstream arrow labelled "2"), depending on the case considered. It has to be noted that only a single P-PNC is present in the network. The second box marked with the label "P-PNC" is represented only to simplify the schematics. Actually the P-PNC on the left and the P-PNC on the right are the same element. In case of a failure in the IP layer, the router that detects it sends a corresponding notifiation message to the P-PNC. This is represented by the upstream arrow labbelled "a". Similarly, a failure in the optical layer can be notified through messages sent by a ROADM (upstream arrow "b") or by a node within the optical core network (upstream arrow "c"). Again, depending on the specific case multiple messages can be directed by the IP and/or optical nodes to the corresponding PNC. For simplicity, a router is connected to a ROADM via two unidirectional fibers, represented by the two arrows between them. ROADM 1 and ROADM 2 are considered to be the edge nodes of a larger optical core that may include several other components. The two connections between a router and a ROADM carry, in addition to data traffic, the signaling messages generated by the physical transmission layer, for example Local Failure Indication (LFI) or Remote Failure Indication (RFI). These messages provide supplementary information that an IP or an optical node may consider for failure detection and for providing further details in the upstream notification to a PNC.

Optical Network Failures In this case, the O-PNC is fully responsible for the fault management (including failure detection, location and repair) within the optical domain. The detailed mechanisms used by the O-PNC for intra-domain fault management are outside the scope of this document. Optical data plane standards provide a comprehensive set of OAM tools, defined in and , that would assist O-PNC fault management, as described in and . It is worth noting that the OAM tools, defined in and , are fully standardized for the ODU, OTU and FlexO sub-layers but only functionally standardized for the optical medial layer (i.e., OCh and OTSiA). This is not an issue since it is assumed that the optical NEs and O-PNC within a single domain are single-vendor. However, the level of standardization of the OAM tools management requirements is sufficient to allow defining standard requirements and data model at the MPI for multi-vendor, multi-domain and multi-layer fault management. Even if in this case the fault management is fully under the responsibility of the O-PNC, it is still needed to inform the MDSC that there is a failure within the optical domain and that the O-PNC is working on it. A failure within the optical network can cause secondary failure on multiple optical tunnels which can in turn cause failures on the multi-layer IP links and on the L2VPN and L3VPN services whose traffic is sent over the failed tunnels. For example, with a reference to Figure 7 of , a failure within the optical network can cause a failure on the optical tunnel between NE11 and NE12. As a consequence, also the IP link between PE13 and BR11 is failed and the L2VPN/L3VPN xxx is also affected. The O-PNC can report the operational status of the optical tunnels to the MDSC to let the MDSC know that the optical tunnel is down. The MDSC can then correlate the failure of the optical tunnel (e.g., the optical tunnel between NE11 and NE12 in Figure 7 of ) with the secondary failures on the L2VPN/L3VPN whose traffic has been routed through that optical tunnel.

• Comment: Need to discuss here why reporting the operational status of the optical tunnel is not sufficient to motivate the need for a more enhanced incident management as proposed in

The MDSC should also inform the OSS/orchestration layer about the failures on the affected L2VPN/L3VPN services though mechanisms which are outside the scope of this document.

• Comment: Need further discussion about the behavior of P-PNC. The P-PNC can also discover that the multi-layer IP link is down (e.g., using BFD). However, I think that the fault management process in P-PNC should be different from the case where the failed IP link is a single-layer IP link under P-PNC responsibility.

• Comment: The assumption in this text is that there are grey interfaces between the routers and the optical NEs. More investigation is needed for the scenarios where optical pluggable interfaces are used in the router. Three scenarios for WDM networks: grey interfaces, colored interfaces option 1 and colored interfaces option 2. To consider also the case with ODU switching.

Cross-layer Link Failures The failures discussed in this section occur on the connection between a router and a ROADM. A first case concerns the Tx fiber used by R1 to send traffic to ROADM1 ().

Failure on the optical ingress link │ROADM1│--------CSF--------->│ROADM2│----->│ R2 │ │ │<-----│ │<-------CSF----------│ │<-----│ │ └――――――┘ RFI └――――――┘\___________________/└――――――┘ RFI └――――――┘ ]]>

The failure on that fiber is physically detected by ROADM1 that sends a corresponding notification to O-PNC and generates a Client Signal Fail (CSF) message along the optical path. Upon receiving CSF, ROADM2 sends a LFI to R2. If R2 is instructed to decode physical transmission messages, upon receiving LFI it generates a corresponding message to P-PNC, also informing of the loss of IP connectivity due to unreceived BFD messages. At the physical level, R2 may generate on its Tx interface an RFI indication that is propagated downstream to the optical network (where a CSF is generated) and to R1. When receiving RFI on its Rx interface, R1 can also send a notification to P-PNC. When O-PNC and P-PNC get the notifications sent by the network elements, they also instruct MDSC. O-PNC informs MDSC of the link R1-ROADM1 down, while P-PNC informs MDSC that the corresponding IP link is down due to missed BFD signalling in addition to the RFI status. It is up to the MDSC to correlate the events and determine what IP services are affected (VPNs, P2P links, etc.). A second case is depicted in figure . The failure happens on the Rx fiber used by R2 to receive traffic from ROADM2.

Failure on the optical egress link │ROADM1│-------------------->│ROADM2│--/\->│ R2 │ │ │<-----│ │<-------CSF----------│ │<-----│ │ └――――――┘ RFI └――――――┘\___________________/└――――――┘ RFI └――――――┘ ]]>

R2 physically detects the absence of signal generating a corresponding LOS alarm to P-PNC. In turn, P-PNC signals MDSC of the corresponding event affecting the link between ROADM2 and R2. R2 also propagates an RFI indication on the return fiber. Upon detecting it, ROADM2 also informs O-PNC of the failure with a corresponding RFI status indication. ROADM2 also propagates a CSF indication across the optical domain, translated to an RFI by ROADM1 towards R1. The RFI is detected by R1 that may inform P-PNC about the remote failure with an RFI status indication, if instructed to do so, and with a BFD down event notification when detecting missing connectivity. As noted, MDSC correlates the events to determine the affected services. A failure may also occur when the two unidirectional fibers connecting a router, e.g. R1, to a ROADM, e.g. ROADM2, are affected, for example for a simultaneous fiber cut, as shown in figure .

Failure on the access link │ROADM1│--------CSF--------->│ROADM2│----->│ R2 │ │ │<-/\--│ │<-------CSF----------│ │<-----│ │ └――――――┘ └――――――┘\___________________/└――――――┘ RFI └――――――┘ ]]>

Both Tx and Rx fibers are affected, then R1 and ROADM1 immediately detect physical LOS and inform P-PNC and O-PNC respectively. ROADM1 also triggers a CSF indication towards the optical core that eventually gets to ROADM2, which sends a LFI to R2. R2 may detect this signal, informning P-PNC. From the IP connectivity standpoint, after missing three BFD messages R2 also signals to P-PNC the lack of end-to-end connectivity. It then generates a RFI indication back to ROADM2, which in turn sends a CSF indication on the optical return path. Both P-PNC and O-PNC inform MDSC of the event affecting the link between R1 and ROADM1 for its successive correlation.

Router Node Failures In this case it is assumed that a router port experiences a hardware failure, for example R1's port connecting to ROADM1. R1 may have internal mechanisms that detect the failure and trigger the relevant notification to P-PNC. At the IP level the missing reception of the BFD messages against R2 triggers a BFD down notification to P-PNC. the same notification is sent by R2, confirming that the IP connectivity is lost.

Multi-layer Performance Management Network performance management refers to the set of operational actions that are taken to solve issues affecting network performance and that may degrade the quality of the services offered to the network customers. For the scope of the present document, which focuses on multi-layer, multi-domain networks, two cases are of interest: 1. The optical layer detects, through performance data measurement, collection and analysis, that an abnormal condition (e.g. a physical signal degradation) has arised or is going to happen in either of the optical domains considered in . The O-PNC provides relevant information to the MDSC (e.g. the fiber where the degration was detected), which triggers correlation analysis by the MDSC to detect if any services are impacted at the IP level and, if the case, to take corrective actions, through the P-PNC (e.g. traffic rerouting). 2. The IP layer detects, through performance data measurement, collection and analysis, that the Service Level Agreement (SLA) associated with transport of a VPN service is not conformant at least in one of the two IP domains represented in . The P-PNC provides relevant information to the MDSC (e.g. the IP tunnel carrying the VPN service), which enables the MDSC to take reactive measures, through the support of the P-PNC (e.g. reroute the IP traffic on a different IP path). The MDSC can take further steps, such as to verify through the O-PNC if any failure or degradation has happened in the optical layer but this is out of the scope of case #2. The attention here is on the IP multi-domain, end-to-end performance management. The two cases are further detailed in the relevant subsections.

Optical performance management Optical devices employ mechanisms for monitoring the condition of an OTN link. Among others, pre-Forward Error Correction (pre-FEC) Bit Error Rate (BER) allows to track bit errors on the optical wire, notifying the transmitter side or a controlling agent when a specified threshold is reached or passed. The advantage of this mechanism is to get an early warning on the optical path performance: the exceeding of the specified threshold means that the receiver is no longer able to correct all the errors on the channel. As a result, the transmitter or the controlling entity (e.g. an SDN controller) may trigger counter-actions such as the switch to a different optical path. In the context of multi-layer performance management, it is assumed that: 1. The O-PNC is capable of monitoring the DWDM links optical performance, and alerting the MDSC when the pre-FEC BER value overcomes a user-specified threshold 2. The MDSC is capable of correlating the pre-FEC BEC threshold crossing alarm with a related IP link and take appropriate corrective actions, if programmed to do so. In this context, the assumption is that pre-FEC BER measurement is done on the optical path between ROADM1 and ROADM2 of . Some IP services (e.g. L2/L3 VPNs) are active between R1 and R2, using the optical path between ROADM1 and ROADM2 as a transport. The sequence of steps to handle the exception detected by the optical performance managent is expected to be the following:

• step 1. ROADM2 detects a pre-FEC BER value at an ingress interface higher that the defined threshold. A corresponding alarm is sent to O-PNC
• step 2. O-PNC forwards the alarm to MDSC
• step 3. MDSC correlates the information of the optical path subject to pre-FEC BER issues and the IP services active on it.

Depending on how the MDSC in instructed to react, different choices are possible. At one extreme of the spectrum, the MDSC notes the event and simply trigger a notification to the operator. At the other extreme, the MDSC may start the multi-layer resiliency mechanisms described in , as the case is equivalent to the handling of an optical failure.

End-to-end IP performance management Performance measurement at the IP layer may be based on a multiplicity of methods, including interface counters, passive and active mechanisms . While the utilization of those mechanisms is not constrained by network topology, for example by the number of IP domains crossed by a measurement flow, in practice they are often enabled in limited environments (controlled domains) . As a result, the applicability of such methods is often limited to a single IP domain due to the necessity of avoiding the exchange and disclosure of sensitive data across multiple administrative organizations. With reference to , it is then assumed that both IP domains, namely Packet domain 1 and 2, run separate performance measurement. It is responsibility of each P-PNC to inform the MDSC in the case of service SLA degradation so that the MDSC enables a corrective action.

Multi-layer Resiliency The coordination of both the IP and the optical layer in the cases discussed in requires the MDSC to be aware of some network capabilities and to exchange the corresponding information with both the P-PNC and the O-PNC. To achieve maximum flexibility, a network operator may enable or disable these capabilities. Once the network operator has configured the capabilities described in this section, the MDSC exchanges the relevant configuration with the PNCs present in the network before the use cases described in take place. The list of parameters that the MDSC may need to communicate to the PNCs includes:

• IP service reversion: on/off
• Optical service reversion: on/off
• Hold-off time: time in ms (0 for immediate fast re-routing)
• Wait time before reversion: time in s
• Recovery method used in the optical layer: protection/restoration

Optical Network Failures Failures in the optical domain can be recovered by packet-based protection mechanisms as described in . This use case is characterized by a fault happening on the upper fiber connecting ROADM1 and ROADM2 (port P3 to port P3 as depicted in ), affecting the IP traffic between R1 and R2. As a result, the MDSC and the domain controllers cooperate to find a backup path for the IP traffic. If the optical layer does not employ any mechanisms, the case is typically solved through the Fast Rerouting Mechanisms (FRR) enabled by the IP/MPLS control plane. With reference to figure , this corresponds to using the combination of the two detour paths R1-R3 and R3-R2. For the scope of this document, the assumption is instead that the optical layer supports its own mechanisms that have to interact with the IP layer. Two sub-cases are possible:

1. The optical layer supports restoration
2. The optical layer supports protection.

Optical restoration As restoration typically sets an alternative path on the fly based on the availability of sufficient optical resources, the time taken by the process to create an optical backup tends to be longer than the time taken by the IP/MPLS FRR process. As a result, the interaction between the two layers follows the mimics shown in the next figure.

Fault detection with optical restoration | | | | | | | | | |2a.Fault notification | | | | | | |------>| | | | | |1b.Fault notification | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |2b.Fault notification | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌――――――┐ │3.FRR │ └――――――┘ |4.IP service switched (backup path through R3) | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |5.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌―――――――――――――┐ ┌―――――――――――――┐ │6.Restoration│<--------------->│6.Restoration│ └―――――――――――――┘ └―――――――――――――┘ | |7.Path ready | 7.Path ready| | | | | |-------------->|<--------------| | | | | | | |8.Notification | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | ┌――――――――┐ │9.Revert│ └――――――――┘ |10.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |11.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ]]>

More in details:

• step 1a. The fault on the optical path (e.g. fiber cut, loss of signal, etc.) is detected by ROADM1 and notified to O-PNC
• step 2a. O-PNC notifies the fault to MDSC
• step 1b. R1 detects loss of end-to-end connectivity (e.g. 3 missed BFD messages) and notifies P-PNC. This step takes place almost simultaneously to 1a.
• step 2b. P-PNC notifies the issue to MDSC
• step 3. R1 starts a fast reroute process to enable a backup path at the IP/MPLS layer, using the already established detour through R3
• step 4. R1 notifies P-PNC of the IP service switch through the alternate path (R1-R3 and R3-R2)
• step 5. P-PNC notifies MDSC of the switch
• step 6. ROADM1 and ROADM2 enable the restoration process. Based on the mechanism adopted, there may be interaction between them
• step 7. Both ROADM1 and ROADM2 notify O-PNC of the availability of an optical backup path
• step 8. O-PNC notifies MDSC of the availability of an optical backup path
• step 9. R1 detects again end-to-end connectivity through the initial path R1-R2 and, if configured to do so, revert the service
• step 10. R1 notifies P-PNC of the switch to the initial path
• step 11. P-PNC notifies the switch to MDSC.

As noted in step 6., the restoration process may require an exchange of messages between ROADM1 and ROADM2. This is not detailed in the present document as it is assumed that the relevant signaling is handled through O-PNC. In step 9., R1 detects again control traffic from R2. The decision whether to revert the service on the initial path is local, e.g. it depends on the configuration made by the network operator. Often, the IP equipment is configured to operate the reversion automatically, but there are cases where the network operator may prefer differently. At the end of the process, multi-layer hitless reversion may take place, again based on the configuration adopted by the network operator. If multi-layer hitless reversion is adopted, then the process described in takes place.

Optical protection Differently from the previous case, here optical protection is considered. This duration of this process is comparable with IP/MPLS FRR, as it is pre-computed. As a consequence, when multi-layer coordination is enabled it is preferable to hold-off FRR on R1 and wait that optical protection is completed. The process is shown in the next figure.

Fault detection with optical protection | | | | | | | | | |2a.Fault notification | | | | | | |------>| | | | | |1b.Fault notification | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |2b.Fault notification | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌――――――┐ │3.Hold│ └――――――┘ ┌―――――――――――――┐ │4.Protection │------->|-------------->| └―――――――――――――┘ | |5.Path ready | 5.Path ready| | | | | |-------------->|<--------------| | | | | | | |6.Notification | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | ┌――――――――┐ │7.IP Up │ └――――――――┘ ]]>

The detailed process includes the following steps:

• step 1a. The fault on the optical path (e.g. fiber cut, loss of signal, etc.) is detected by ROADM1 and notified to O-PNC
• step 2a. O-PNC notifies the fault to MDSC
• step 1b. R1 detects loss of end-to-end connectivity (e.g. 3 missed BFD messages) and notifies P-PNC. This step takes place almost simultaneously to 1a.
• step 2b. P-PNC notifies the issue to MDSC [Editor's note: is this step necessary?]
• step 3. R1 is configured to hold the FRR process, thus it waits for the corresponding value set by the hold-off time parameter
• step 4. Optical protection is started by ROADM1, potentially involving an exchange of messages with O-PNC and ROADM2
• step 5. Both ROADM1 and ROADM2 notify O-PNC of the availability of an optical backup path
• step 6. O-PNC notifies MDSC of the availability of an optical backup path
• step 7. R1 detects again end-to-end connectivity with R2.

The IP traffic is recovered as soon as the optical protection is completed with no action taken by the IP routers. As in the previous use case, when the failure is fixed the network operator may desire to bring the service back to the original configuration. If this is the case, multi-layer hitless reversion, as described in , takes place to move the service back to the initial network setup.

Optical Network Maintenance Before planned maintenance operation on the optical network takes place, the IP traffic affected by the maintenance operation should be moved hitlessly to another link. The MDSC and the P-PNC have to coordinate to reroute the traffic before the event happens. In such a case the IP traffic needs to be locked to the protection route until the maintenance event is finished, unless a fault occurs on such path. In this example, it is supposed that the link undergoing maintenance activity is the one from ROADM1 to ROADM2, affecting the IP traffic steered from R1 to R2. A few minutes before the maintenance window, the MDSC starts the process that brings to the hitless re-routing of the affected IP traffic. That means the IP backup path (through R3) is available and it is used only for the time requested by the optical plane to do maintenance. The path R1-R3 should not be overloaded, unless the network operator accepts some possible traffic losses. At the optical layer, the maintenance activity has no impact on traffic as a new path is configured upfront and the optical service does not revert to the original link until the maintenance window is finished. At the of maintenance, the network configuration is moved back to the initial configuration using, if the network operator has chosen so, the multi-layer hitless reversion process discussed in . The next figure shows the process adopted to handle the maintenance window.

Maintenance window operation | | | | | | | | | |4.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | |5.Compute optical backup | | | | | |<------| | | | | | |6.Enable optical backup| | | | | | |<--------------|-------------->| | | | | |7.Acknowledge |7.Acknowledge | | | | | |-------------->|<--------------| | | | | | | |8.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | | | | |9.Switch to optical backup | | | | | |<------| | | | | | |9.Switch to optical backup | | | | | |<--------------|-------------->| | | | | |10.Acknowledge |10.Acknowledge | | | | | |-------------->|<--------------| | | | | | | |11.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | | | |12.Revert to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | |13.Revert to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |14.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |15.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――┐ │ 16.Maintenance window │ └―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――┘ ]]>

The steps include the following:

• step 1. MDSC requires P-PNC to steer the IP service to a backup path (R1-R3-R2). This is necessary to avoid loss of service before maintenance starts
• step 2. P-PNC signals R1 to switch IP service to the backup path
• step 3. R1 switches to backup path and acks to P-PNC
• step 4. P-PNC acks to MDSC
• step 5. MDSC instructs O-PNC to enable the process to create an optical backup path
• step 6. O-PNC instructs ROADM1 and ROADM2 to enable a backup path
• step 7. ROADM1 and ROADM2 acknowledge to O-PNC
• step 8. O-PNC acknowledges to MDSC
• step 9. MDSC instructs O-PNC to disable the primary optical path, initially used, and switch to the optical backup path
• step 10. O-PNC instructs ROADM1 and ROADM2 to switch
• step 11. ROADM1 and ROADM2 acknowledge to O-PNC
• step 12. O-PNC acknowledges to MDSC
• step 13. MDSC requires P-PNC to move revert the IP service back to the primary path (R1-R2)
• step 14. P-PNC signals R1 to switch IP service to the primary path (carried over the optical backup path)
• step 15. R1 switches to backup path and acknowledges to P-PNC
• step 16. P-PNC acknowledges to MDSC
• step 17. The maintenance activity follows.

Once the activity is over, the network operator may wish to bring the whole configuration back to the IP and optical primary paths. In such a case, multi-layer hitless reversion may be performed, as described in .

Cross-layer Link Failures The approach described here leverages the multi-layer POI capabilities to address failures in links between IP routers and ROADMs, relying on optical network protection/restoration to handle most failure scenarios. The connectivity between a router and an edge ROADM is characterized by having N working ports and one spare port (N+1) to handle protection. Depending on the specific network configuration and protection scheme adopted, this approach may offer some cost advantages because it reduces the overall resources required for protection in the optical network. Since the number of failed links between IP routers and edge ROADMs is lower, this configuration can achieve higher availability at lower costs while recovering 100% of IP traffic. Following the previous examples, this case is characterized by having R1 configured with N ports working (say, P1-P3) and 1 spare port (PP) left as the protection of the other N. In case of failure, for example of port P1, PP is dynamically activated and the traffic originally directed to P1 is steered to PP. PP receives the same configuration of P1 while P1 is brought in a down state. Differently from ordinary LAG, the traffic is not redistributed over the surviving links. Since a backup port (PP) is enabled, the traffic keeps on flowing on N links instead of N-1. If on the IP layer this scenario introduces the complexity of handling an extra port both on R1 and ROADM1, on the optical layer the configuration, as depicted in figure , does not change as only N optical channels (e.g. lambdas) are used, as shown in figure .

Use of N:1 protection on R1

Two sub-cases may be considered, depending on the availability of a Muxponder or a Transponder on ROADM1. If a Muxponder is used, then the optical P1 and PP are hosted on the same optical complex (e.g. board) on the customer's edge of ROADM1. It is the optical complex that selects the input source of the signals and maps it on the proper lambda. If instead a Transpoder is used, then it's ROADM1's internal matrix that switches from the input source from P1 to PP, cross-connecting the signal to the output lambda. It has to be noted that the mechanism to deal with the on-the-fly reconfiguration of a router's port is out of the scope of the present document and may be subject of a dedicated draft. The next figure shows the process adopted to handle N:1 port protection.

N:1 protection operation | | | | | | | | | |2.Port R1/P1 failure | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌―――――――┐ │ 3.FRR │ └―――――――┘ |4.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |5.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ┌―――――――┐ │6.PP Up│ └―――――――┘ |7.Port R1/PP Up| | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |8.Port R1/PP Up| | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | |9.Reconfigure access & connect new path| | | | |<------| | | | | | |10.Reconfigure access & connect new path | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |11.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |12.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | | | |13.Switch back to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | |14.Switch back to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |15.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |16.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ]]>

The sequence of steps is detailed.

• step 1. R1 detects port P1 failure and notifies P-PNC
• step 2. P-PNC notifies MDSC of the failure
• step 3. R1 triggers FRR to protect the IP flows steering
• step 4. R1 informs P-PNC of the switch to the backup path
• step 5. P-PNC notifies MDSC of the traffic switch
• step 6. R1 handles the mechanism to replicate the configuration of P1 to PP
• step 7. R1 informs P-PNC that PP is up and ready to forward traffic
• step 8. P-PNC notifies MDSC that port PP is up and ready to forward traffic
• step 9. MDSC requires O-PNC to reconfigure ROADM1 access (both in the case of muxponder and transponder) and WDM connectivity if a transponder is used
• step 10. O-PNC signals ROADM1 to reconfigure access (muxponder/transponder) and WDM connectivity (transponder)
• step 11. ROADM1 acknowledges to O-PNC
• step 12. O-PNC acknowledges to MDSC
• step 13. MDSC requires P-PNC to revert to the initial (primary) path
• step 14. P-PNC notifies R1 to revert to initial (primary) path
• step 15. R1 notifies P-PNC of IP service switch and new port in use
• step 16. P-PNC notifies MDSC of service switch and new port in use

As in the previous cases, when port P1 on R1 is fixed, multilayer reversion to the initial configuration may happen. that is dependent on the network operator's preference.

Router Node Failures As shown in , in its normal operations R1 is dual-homed to R2 and R3. Even if highly unlikely due to the usual redundancy deployed in field, this case considers a full failure of R2 (node failure). The implications of such an event are useful to discuss the interaction between the IP and the optical layers through the MDSC coordination. The underlying assumption is that it is not possible to R2 to communicate to P-PNC about the event causing the failure, so it is up to R1 to detect it and to communicate instead to P-PNC. The first reaction to the event is to perform a fast-rerouting action and move the traffic from the R1-R2 link to the R1-R3 link. As part of the assumption, the R1-R3 IP link has been previously dimensioned to carry a certain amount of traffic, so it is possible that after fast re-routing takes place some traffic previously carried on the R1-R2 IP link and now shifted to R1-R3 is discarded, for example because congestion occurs. MDSC instructs the optical layer to find available optical resources, activate a new optical path between ROADM1 and ROADM3 and finally move the traffic previously associated to R1-R2 to the newly created optical path. When this second optical path is available, MDSC triggers a new switch of the traffic so that R1 can now steers the previous R1-R2 traffic to the new optical path. The final configuration is shown in figure .

IP configuration after the creation of a second optical path │ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ ┌――――――――┐ │ P1│--│P1 P3│\ ___ /│P3 P1│--│P1 │ │ R1 │ │ ROADM1 │ \ ____/ \____ / │ ROADM2 │ │ R2 │ │ P2│--│P2 P4│\ \/ \/ /│P4 P2│--│P2 │ └――――――――┘ └――――――――┘ \| Optical |/ └――――――――┘ └――――――――┘ | Network | ││ x | | x │

The next figure shows the process adopted to handle the node protection case.

Node protection operation | | | | | | | | | |3.R2 down + FRR| | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | |4.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |5.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | |6.Setup optical backup path | | | | | |<------| | | | | | |7.Setup path |7.Setup path | | | | | |<--------------|------------------------------>| | | |8.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |-------------->|<------------------------------| | | | | |9.Backup path available| | | | | | |------>| | | | | | | |10.Deploy new IP path and switch traffic | | | |<--------------| | | | | |11.Deploy new path then switch | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |12.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |13.IP service switched | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ]]>

• step 1. R1 detects R2's failure and triggers IP FRR finding R3 as the next hop
• step 2. R1 notifies P-PNC that R2 is down and FRR has started
• step 3. P-PNC notifies MDSC of the events
• step 4. Upon moving the R1-R2 traffic (or part of it) on R1-R3 path, R1 notifies P-PNC of the service switch
• step 5. P-PNC notifies MDSC of th eswitch
• step 6. MDSC requires O-PNC to compute a new optical path between ROADM1 and ROADM3
• step 7. O-PNC instructs both ROADM1 and ROADM3 to configure a new optical service
• step 8. Both ROADM1 and ROADM3 inform O-PNC that the backup path is available
• step 9. O-PNC informs MDSC that the backup path is available
• step 10. MDSC computes a new IP path between R1 and R3, provides the relevant information to P-PNC and triggers switch
• step 11. P-PNC transfers the information received to R1 and triggers R1 to switch traffic
• step 12. R1 informs P-PNC of the service switch
• step 13. P-PNC informs MDSC of the service switch.

Multi-layer hitless reversion In some cases, the mechanisms employed by the optical layer to revert to the original setup may cause disruption at the IP layer, if proper coordination is not enabled. As this may cause traffic loss, if the optical reversion is requested by the network operator, multi-layer coordination under the supervision of the MDSC is necessary. The effect of multi-layer coordination is to bring the whole network, i.e. both the IP and the optical layers, back to their initial configuration after the recovery from a failure. In particular, the process described in this section relies on the hitless switching capability of the IP layer. Depending on the specific configuration, the procedure can be enabled at the end of the use cases described in . The decision whether to apply it or not has to be evaluated by the network operator considering different factors, including the relative complexity of the process and the effects of its steps on the live traffic. To move back to the initial network configuration the MDSC has to follow a sequence of steps:

• Force the IP layer to switch the traffic flow(s) on another path, e.g. an alternative/backup path
• Trigger the optical layer to coordinate the reversion to the initial setup, e.g. disable an optical backup path and enable connectivity on the previously used primary path
• Force again the IP layer to switch back to the original path. The actions on the IP layer are handled so that the IP traffic is switched only after the interface queues are emptied, guaranteeing a hitless switching.

The mimics of the steps requested is shown in the next figure.

hitless multi-layer reversion | | | | | | | | | |2.Fiber back online notification | | | | |------>| | | | | | | |3.Switch to backup path| | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | |4.Switch to backup path| | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |5.Service switch notification | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |6.Service switch notification | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | |7.Revert to primary | | | | | | |<------| | | | | | |8.Revert to primary | | | | | | |<--------------|-------------->| | | | | |9.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |-------------->|<--------------| | | | | | | |10.Acknowledge | | | | | | | |------>| | | | | | | |11.Revert to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | |12.Revert to initial path | | | | | |<--------------| | | | | | | |13.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | |14.IP service reverted | | | | | | |-------------->| | | | | ]]>

Figure 5.2 Diagram for hitless multi-layer reversion The steps illustrated in the previous figure are detailed here:

• step 1. ROADM1 detects the optical signal is up again on the previously broken fiber and notifies O-PNC
• step 2. O-PNC notifies MDSC of the fiber up event
• step 3. MDSC requires P-PNC to move the affected IP service(s) to an alternative/backup path (this path may vary according to the scenarios explained later). Being a hitless switch, it is necessary to avoid loss of service
• step 4. P-PNC signals R1 to switch the IP service(s) to the alternative/backup path
• step 5. R1 switches the service(s) to the alternative/backup path and notifies P-PNC
• step 6. P-PNC confirms the switch to MDSC
• step 7. MDSC instructs O-PNC to disable the optical protection path (which may vary according to the scenarios detailed later) and activate again the optical primary path
• step 8. O-PNC instructs both ROADM1 and ROADM2 to disable the optical protection path and activate the primary one
• step 9. ROADM1 and ROADM2 acknowledge to O-PNC
• step 10. O-PNC acknowledges to MDSC
• step 11. MDSC requires P-PNC to revert the IP service(s) back to the primary path
• step 12. P-PNC signals R1 to switch the IP service(s) to primary path
• step 13. R1 switches and acknowledges to P-PNC
• step 14. P-PNC acknowledges to MDSC.

Conclusions This section will provide a summary of the analysis and of the gaps identified in this draft once the analysis is mature.

Security Considerations TODO Security

IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions.

References Normative References International Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union Traffic Engineered (TE) networks have a variety of mechanisms to facilitate the separation of the data plane and control plane. They also have a range of management and provisioning protocols to configure and activate network resources. These mechanisms represent key technologies for enabling flexible and dynamic networking. The term "Traffic Engineered network" refers to a network that uses any connection-oriented technology under the control of a distributed or centralized control plane to support dynamic provisioning of end-to- end connectivity. Abstraction of network resources is a technique that can be applied to a single network domain or across multiple domains to create a single virtualized network that is under the control of a network operator or the customer of the operator that actually owns the network resources. This document provides a framework for Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) to support virtual network services and connectivity services. FiberCop Vodafone Huawei Old Dog Consulting Cisco This document explores the applicability of the Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) architecture to Packet Optical Integration (POI) within the context of IP/MPLS and optical internetworking. It examines the YANG data models defined by the IETF that enable an ACTN-based deployment architecture and highlights specific scenarios pertinent to Service Providers. Existing IETF protocols and data models are identified for each multi-technology scenario (packet over optical), particularly emphasising the Multi-Domain Service Coordinator to Provisioning Network Controller Interface (MPI) within the ACTN architecture This document defines a YANG module for alarm management. It includes functions for alarm-list management, alarm shelving, and notifications to inform management systems. There are also operations to manage the operator state of an alarm and administrative alarm procedures. The module carefully maps to relevant alarm standards. Huawei Technologies This document defines a YANG data model for performance Monitoring in optical networks which provides the functionalities of performance monitoring task management, TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert) configuration and performance data retrieval. This document specifies YANG modules for representing assurance graphs. These graphs represent the assurance of a given service by decomposing it into atomic assurance elements called subservices. The companion document, "Service Assurance for Intent-Based Networking Architecture" (RFC 9417), presents an architecture for implementing the assurance of such services. The YANG data models in this document conform to the Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA) defined in RFC 8342. The data model for network topologies defined in RFC 8345 introduces vertical layering relationships between networks that can be augmented to cover network and service topologies. This document defines a YANG module for performance monitoring (PM) of both underlay networks and overlay VPN services that can be used to monitor and manage network performance on the topology of both layers. China Mobile (Hangzhou) Information Technology Co., Ltd Telefonica I+D Swisscom Huawei Huawei Ciena A network incident refers to an unexpected interruption of a network service, degradation of a network service quality, or sub-health of a network service. Different data sources including alarms, metrics and other anomaly information can be aggregated into few amount of network incidents by data correlation analysis and the service impact analysis. This document defines YANG Modules for the network incident lifecycle management. The YANG modules are meant to provide a standard way to report, diagnose, and resolve network incidents for the sake of network service health and root cause analysis. Informative References Cisco Vodafone Cisco Cisco Ericsson This document extends the draft-ietf-teas-actn-poi-applicability to the use case where the DWDM optical coherent interface is equipped on the Packet device. It identifies the YANG data models being defined by the IETF to support this deployment architecture and specific scenarios relevant for Service Providers. Existing IETF protocols and data models are identified for each multi-layer (packet over optical) scenario with a specific focus on the MPI (Multi-Domain Service Coordinator to Provisioning Network Controllers Interface)in the ACTN architecture. This memo provides clear definitions for Active and Passive performance assessment. The construction of Metrics and Methods can be described as either "Active" or "Passive". Some methods may use a subset of both Active and Passive attributes, and we refer to these as "Hybrid Methods". This memo also describes multiple dimensions to help evaluate new methods as they emerge. There is a noticeable trend towards network behaviors and semantics that are specific to a particular set of requirements applied within a limited region of the Internet. Policies, default parameters, the options supported, the style of network management, and security requirements may vary between such limited regions. This document reviews examples of such limited domains (also known as controlled environments), notes emerging solutions, and includes a related taxonomy. It then briefly discusses the standardization of protocols for limited domains. Finally, it shows the need for a precise definition of "limited domain membership" and for mechanisms to allow nodes to join a domain securely and to find other members, including boundary nodes. This document is the product of the research of the authors. It has been produced through discussions and consultation within the IETF but is not the product of IETF consensus.

Acknowledgments TODO acknowledge.